We also provide genetic evidence that papaverine’s complex I inhibition is directly responsible for increased oxygenation and enhanced radiation response. We identified an activity of the FDA-approved drug papaverine as an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I. Here we show that targeting mitochondrial respiration results in a significant reduction of the tumor cells’ demand for oxygen, leading to increased tumor oxygenation and radiation response. Efforts to increase oxygen delivery to the tumor have not shown positive clinical results. An acute increase in tumor oxygenation before radiation treatment should therefore significantly improve the tumor cell kill after radiation. I shall show that both “repair strategies” are attested in Taiwanese and Cantonese (and perhaps Hakka) and can be captured by Steriade’s (1999) Licensing-by-Cue hypothesis, in tandem with Flemming’s (2002) Dispersion Theory of contrast.Tumor hypoxia reduces the effectiveness of radiation therapy by limiting the biologically effective dose. Otherwise, enhancement is invoked to maintain place contrasts, resulting in vowel quality change or emergence of an excrescent schwa (confirmed by an acoustic study reported in this work). As such place contrasts may be neutralized (henceforth the gaps) because there are systematic asymmetries after particular vowels in terms of their ability to signal place in the upcoming stop. The key point is that the salient places cues of release to a coda stop are absent in Taiwanese (and many other (South) East Asian languages), leaving VC transitions as the only cues and consequently impeding an accurate and reliable identification of place distinctions in coda position. Instead, I explain VC gaps in the following terms. This paper argues against a (standard) markedness-based approach to rhyme phonotactics in Taiwanese since analyses in this vein overgenerate by predicting unattested VC gaps. This issue of tone assignment is left as a question for future research. Segmental and syllabic structure is accounted for in this way, but tone assignment appears to be governed by a combination of Burmese tone laws and principles of UG that remains to be characterized. This case of loanword adaptation has implications for models of loanword phonology, suggesting that Burmese loanword adaptation occurs in a two-stage process, beginning with an initial English-to-Burmese mapping that occurs on a phoneme-to-phone basis. English loanwords undergo systematic modifications in Burmese, some reflecting aspects of native Burmese phonology and others having no correlate in Burmese phonology. The present study concerns the adaptation of loanwords borrowed from English into Burmese, a language that is phonologically very different from English. In recent years, loanword adaptation has been modeled in various ways (e.g., Silverman 1992, Paradis 1996, Kenstowicz 2001, Steriade 2002) that say different things about the stages of adaptation and the relative importance of factors such as the borrower’s proficiency in the source language and the veridicality of cross-language speech perception. This process of modification may result from the influence of the phonology native to the borrowing language, from general principles of Universal Grammar (UG), or from a combination of the two. Even so, words borrowed into a language are rarely borrowed perfectly, but instead undergo modification vis-à-vis their realization in the source language from which they were borrowed. Lexical borrowing is a common process across languages.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |